Compare Western Sahara (2008) - Montenegro (2006)

Compare Western Sahara (2008) z Montenegro (2006)

	Western Sahara (2008)	Montenegro (2006)

Administrative divisions	none (under de facto control of Morocco)	21 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Andrijevia, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Plav, Pluzine, Pljevlja, Podgornica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Ulcinj, Zabljak
Age structure	0-14 years: 45.4% (male 88,176/female 85,421) 15-64 years: 52.3% (male 98,345/female 101,895) 65 years and over: 2.3% (male 3,705/female 5,075) (2007 est.)	-
Agriculture - products	fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases); camels, sheep, goats (kept by nomads); fish	grains, tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives, grapes; sheepherding; commercial fishing negligible
Airports	9 (2007)	5 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2007)	total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 2 (2007)	total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Area	total: 266,000 sq km land: 266,000 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 14,026 sq km land: 13,812 sq km water: 214 sq km
Area - comparative	about the size of Colorado	slightly smaller than Connecticut
Background	Morocco virtually annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Rabat's sovereignty ended in a 1991 UN-brokered cease-fire; a UN-organized referendum on final status has been repeatedly postponed. In April 2007, Morocco presented an autonomy plan for the territory to the UN, which the U.S. considers serious and credible. The Polisario also presented a plan to the UN in 2007. Since August 2007, representatives from the Government of Morocco and the Polisario Front have met three times to negotiate the status of Western Sahara, with a fourth round of negotiations planned for March 2008.	The use of the name Montenegro began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries it was able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocratic state ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality. After World War I, Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and, at the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro. Following a three-year postponement, Montenegro held an independence referendum in the spring of 2006 under rules set by the EU. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded the 55% threshold, allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
Birth rate	NA 39.95 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)	12.6 births/1,000 population (2004)
Budget	revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA	revenues: NA expenditures: NA
Capital	none time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)	name: Podgorica (administrative capital) geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October note: Cetinje (capital city)
Climate	hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew	Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Coastline	1,110 km	293.5 km
Constitution	-	12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly)
Country name	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Western Sahara former: Spanish Sahara	conventional long form: Republic of Montenegro conventional short form: Montenegro local long form: Republika Crna Gora local short form: Crna Gora former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro
Death rate	NA	9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)
Debt - external	$NA	NA
Diplomatic representation from the US	none	-
Diplomatic representation in the US	none	chief of mission: Ambassador Miodrag VLAHOVIC
Disputes - international	Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose sovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; several states have extended diplomatic relations to the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" represented by the Polisario Front in exile in Algeria, while others recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara; most of the approximately 102,000 Sahrawi refugees are sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria	ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of boundary with Montenegro
Economic aid - recipient	$NA	NA
Economy - overview	Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban population must be imported. Incomes in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level. The Moroccan Government controls all trade and other economic activities in Western Sahara. Morocco and the EU signed a four-year agreement in July 2006 allowing European vessels to fish off the coast of Morocco, including the disputed waters off the coast of Western Sahara. Moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western Sahara, which has angered the Polisario. However, in 2006 the Polisario awarded similar exploration licenses in the disputed territory, which would come into force if Morocco and the Polisario resolve their dispute over Western Sahara.	The republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget. The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the IMF, World Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the World Trade Organization as well as negotiating a Stabilization and Association agreement with the European Union in anticipation of eventual membership. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector.
Electricity - consumption	79.05 million kWh (2005)	NA
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2005)	-
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2005)	-
Electricity - production	85 million kWh (2005)	2.864 billion kWh 2.864 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m highest point: unnamed location 463 m	lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
Environment - current issues	sparse water and lack of arable land	pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor
Environment - international agreements	party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements	-
Ethnic groups	Arab, Berber	Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%
Exchange rates	Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.2827 (2007), 8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004), 9.5744 (2003)	euros per US dollar - 0.8041 (2005), 0.8089 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001)
Executive branch	none	chief of state: President Filip VUJANOVIC (since 11 May 2003) head of government: Prime Minister Zeljko STURANOVIC (since 10 November 2006) cabinet: Ministries act as cabinet elections: president elected by direct vote for five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2003 (next to be held in 2008); prime minister proposed by president, accepted by Assembly election results: Filip VUJANOVIC elected on the third round; Filip VUJANOVIC 63.3%, Miodrag ZIVKOVIC 30.8%
Exports	0 bbl/day (2004)	$171.3 million (2003)
Exports - commodities	phosphates 62%	-
Exports - partners	Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2006)	Switzerland 83.9%, Italy 6.1%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.3% (2003)
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Flag description	-	a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: 40%	agriculture: % NA industry: % NA services: % NA
GDP - real growth rate	NA%	NA
Geographic coordinates	24 30 N, 13 00 W	42 30 N, 19 18 E
Geography - note	the waters off the coast are particularly rich fishing areas	strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%	-
Imports	1,698 bbl/day (2004)	$601.7 million (2003)
Imports - commodities	fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs	-
Imports - partners	Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2006)	Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9.2% (2003)
Independence	-	3 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro); note - a referendum on independence was held 21 May 2006
Industrial production growth rate	NA%	-
Industries	phosphate mining, handicrafts	steelmaking, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Infant mortality rate	total: NA male: NA female: NA	-
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	NA%	3.4% (2004)
International organization participation	none	CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, ICFTU, ILO, Interpol, IPU, ITU, OSCE, UN, UPU, WHO, WTO (observer)
Irrigated land	NA	NA
Judicial branch	-	Constitutional Court (five judges with nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life tenure)
Labor force	12,000	259,100 (2004)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 50% industry and services: 50%	agriculture: 2% industry: 30% services: 68% (2004)
Land boundaries	total: 2,046 km border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km	total: 625 km border countries: Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km, Croatia 25 km, Serbia 203 km
Land use	arable land: 0.02% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.98% (2005)	arable land: 13.7% permanent crops: 1% other: 85.3%
Languages	Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic	Serbian (Ijekavian dialect - official), Bosnian, Albanian, Croatian
Legal system	-	based on civil law system
Legislative branch	-	unicameral Assembly (81 seats, elected by direct vote for four-year terms; changed from 74 seats at the time of the elections) elections: last held 10 September 2006 (next to be held 2010) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Coalition for a European Montenegro 41, SNS 12, Coalition SPP/NS/DSS 11, PZP 11, Liberals and Bosniaks 3, Democratic League-Democratic Prosperity 1, Democratic Union of Albanians 1, Albanian Alternative 1
Life expectancy at birth	total population: NA male: NA female: NA	-
Literacy	NA	-
Location	Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco	Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Map references	Africa	Europe
Maritime claims	contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue	NA
Merchant marine	-	total: 4 ships (1000 GRT or over) 9,458 GRT/10,172 DWT by type: cargo 4 registered in other countries: 4 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2006)
Military - note	-	Montenegrin plans call for the establishment of a fully professional armed forces
Military expenditures - dollar figure	-	$2.306 billion
National holiday	-	National Day, 13 July
Nationality	noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) adjective: Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian	noun: Montenegrin(s) adjective: Montenegrin
Natural hazards	hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility	destructive earthquakes
Natural resources	phosphates, iron ore	bauxite, hydroelectricity
Political parties and leaders	-	Albanian Alternative or AA; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]; Coalition for a European Montenegro (Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS and Social Democratic Party or SDP) [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Coalition SPP/NS/DSS; Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Serbian People's Party of Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
Political pressure groups and leaders	none	-
Population	382,617 note: estimate is based on projections by age, sex, fertility, mortality, and migration; fertility and mortality are based on data from neighboring countries (July 2007 est.)	630,548 (2004)
Population below poverty line	NA%	12.2% (2003)
Population growth rate	NA	3.5% (2004)
Radio broadcast stations	AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)	31 (2004)
Railways	-	total: 250 km standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2005)
Religions	Muslim	Orthodox, Muslim, Roman Catholic
Sex ratio	NA	-
Suffrage	none; a UN-sponsored voter identification campaign not yet completed	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: sparse and limited system domestic: NA international: country code - 212; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco	general assessment: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites domestic: GSM wireless service, available through two providers with national coverage, is growing rapidly international: country code - 382 (the old code of 381 used by Serbia and Montenegro will also remain in use until Feb 2007); two international switches connect the national system
Telephones - main lines in use	about 2,000 (1999 est.)	177,663 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular	0 (1999)	543,220 (2005)
Television broadcast stations	NA	13 (2004)
Terrain	mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast	highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus
Total fertility rate	NA	-
Unemployment rate	NA%	27.7% (2005)

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